Bauer DJ, Curran PJ. The scores were reverse-coded, standardized, and averaged to obtain a measure of disconnectedness [12, 16]. 2018;26:14757. Religion and functional health among the elderly: Is there a relationship and is it constant? We also examined the possibility of including a variable assessing average emotional closeness with ones network members. Questa fantastica villa La villa sorge su un parco di circa 8.000 mq con boschi di querce e ginepri dai quali si gode una vista mozzafiato sul golfo di Arzachena e sull'isola di Caprera. We propose that social disconnectedness can be assessed using items capturing two central factors: a lack of social network robustness and a lack of participation in social activities. Gardiner C, Geldenhuys G, Gott M. Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review. However, neither objective isolation nor subjective isolation were significant predictors of physical health. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Crawford LE, Ernst JM, Burleson MH, Kowalewski RB, et al. Your email address will not be published. Scores on each scale may then be interpreted as a standardized variable. Other correlations emerged between Social Disconnectedness and Perceived Isolation and depression (positive), Perceived Isolation, physical (negative) and mental health (negative), the LSNS-6 and depression (negative). Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Umberson D. Family status and health behaviors: Social control as a dimension of social integration. Kinney JM, Yamashita T, Brown JS. Hawton et al. It covers two aspects of perceived isolation: emotional and social loneliness. We assess the distributions of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation by comparing mean scale scores across age, gender, and self-rated health among NSHAP respondents. Most previous research has found only a modest correlation between aspects of disconnectedness and perceived isolation (Hawkley et al., 2003; Hughes et al., 2004; Mirowsky & Ross, 1986). La villa, divisa in, COSTA PARADISOPorzione di Bifamiliare con spettacolare vista sul mare. 2 = Strongly Disagree. Previous studies have indeed highlighted differences of support from diverse sources [41] as well as specific impact of different sources of support on mental health in an elderly population [42]. Villa (135 mq) con giardino piantumato, prato verde con impianto di irrigazione automatico, rifiniture di pregio. The number of friends provides a rough indicator of social connectedness with others, regardless of the respondents ability and/or willingness to discuss important matters with these people. In addition, objective isolation is a good predictor of subjective isolation, which is in turn associated with physical health, mental health and depression. The third is the Cornwell Perceived Isolation Scale by Cornwell and Waite (2009), who have "identified a wide range of indicators of social isolation that Moreover, the sample of our study was entirely based in a northern region of Italy, and we have reasons to assume that cultural differences may be found in the central as well as in the southern regions when it comes to social isolation. More complex definitions encompass several dimensions putting the accent on feelings connected with the absence of contacts, such as support, belongingness, fulfillment and engagement. 2012. http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/aarp_foundation/2012_PDFs/AARP-Foundation-Isolation-Framework-Report.pdf. By offering such type of vital services, AOK has acquired the reputation as one of the best LED Street Light Suppliers So visit the 24000 lumen led high bay lights 200w website of AOK today and check each of the products with its specification and place an online order to have a suitable LED Street Light The AOK team will take the follow up actions in order to enlighten your Streets ensuring accident free streets. PubMed When depression was the mediator, there was a significant effect of subjective isolation on depression (=3.56, SE=.40, p<.001, LLCI=1.95, ULCI=4.22) and depression on physical health (=.07, SE=.02, p<.001, LLCI=-.09, ULCI=-.05). Although it was expected to find significant correlations among all scales, the one between the Social Disconnectedness Scale and the LSNS-6 would be expected to be strongest because they both cover the same (objective) dimension of the social isolation. The instruments were pretested with 20 subjects who found the questions clear and understandable. Finally, we examine whether the scales retain acceptable internal consistency reliability across sociodemographic characteristics. Extreme social isolation, use of community-based senior support services, and mortality among African American elderly women. A small or nonexistent network, a network that is geographically dispersed, or infrequent interaction with ones network members, for example, may each indicate some level of physical separation from others. Women and participants with high perceived isolation scores showed low scores on their mental health and high scores on their depression mood. In the face of shrinking social networks, older adults may develop closer relationships and shift expectations so that decreasing connectedness does not necessarily result in the perception of isolation (Lang & Carstensen, 1994; Schnittker, 2007). View 2 excerpts, references results and background, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. For Cacioppo and his colleagues [13], for instance, social isolation is a complex construct constituted by the objective component of social disconnectedness and the subjective component of self-perceived isolation [12]. Websocial isolation may be considered an ineffective adaptive process related to social integration, which may be to some extent outside of a persons control. The first aim of the present study is the validation of three scales measuring objective and subjective isolation in an Italian elderly population. Russell DW. Analysis on religiously engaged did not yield significant results. Ong AD, Uchino BN, Wethington E. Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis. WebThe perceived isolation scale also comprises two dimensions: lack of support and loneliness. Am J Health Promot. (2009). The objective of the present analysis was to determine Sono Interessato a: (richiesto) In posizione comoda ai negozi ed i servizi che Porto San Paolo offre, proponiamo una villa da edificarsi con piscina privata e finiture superiori. It evaluates the degree to which an individual has perceived life as unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloading over the previous month. 2011;25:40714. As the authors of two of the scales tested in this study [16] highlight, it is important to remember that the objective and subjective dimensions of social isolation are related but distinct as this has strong implications also for designing appropriate interventions [46, 47, 49]. Leigh-Hunt N, Bagguley D, Bash K, Turner V, Turnbull S, Valtorta N, Caan W. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. More specifically, older adults who rated their health as very good or excellent had below average levels of both social disconnectedness and perceived isolation. This means that persons with fewer social contacts do not necessarily feel lonely or isolated, while having many social contacts does not preclude a sense of isolation [15, 16]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. To date, there has not been an adaptation of these scales for use in Italian samples, and this study is a first attempt to do that. The factorial validity of the three scales has been demonstrated. Google Scholar. L'immobile cos composto: - piano terra: sala da pranzo con cucina a PITTULONGU - OLBIA Villa di pregio che sovrasta il golfo di Pittulongu con una incantevole vista panoramica sulle localit di Capo Ceraso, Isola di Tavolara e Capo Figari. More importantly, the items lack of fit with the scale indicates that the quality of ones relationships may be conceptually distinct from the perception of isolation. Google Scholar. The NSHAP is supported by the National Institute on Aging, Office of Women's Health Research, Office of AIDS Research, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Science Research (5R01AG021487). Previous research has identified social isolation as a risk factor for physical and mental health problems (e.g., Berkman, 1995; Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2003; Cacioppo, Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Thisted, 2006; House, 2001). We find that social disconnectedness does not vary across age groups, but the oldest old feel more isolated than the young old. Positive scores indicate greater-than-average isolation, whereas negative scores indicate lower-than-average isolation. We assess the reliability of the scales using Cronbachs alpha and item-total correlations and perform confirmatory factor analysis to test the model against the data. To deepen further the relationships between social isolation and health, the present research explored the potential role of socio-demographic characteristics as moderators in the relation. The Perceived Isolation Scale attained a Cronbachs alpha of .68 and item-test correlations > .25. We are grateful for comments and suggestions from Benjamin Cornwell, Louise Hawkley, Edward Laumann, Martha McClintock, Sanyu Mojola, and Phil Schumm. We also incorporate an indicator of the respondents number of friends. Foglie Gialle Troppa Acqua, Given that the minimum and maximum values of the perceived isolation were.60 and 2.65, respectively, both the upper and the lower region fell within the observed range of perceived isolation. The LSNS-6 [20] is a six-item scale assessing ones integration with family and friends. The RMSEA of 0.035 indicates that the model is a close fit to the data because it is lower than the typical cutoff of 0.05 (Browne & Cudeck, 1993). L'immobile disposto su tre livelli e precisamente: - Piano terra composto da soggiorno con cucina a vista, tre camere da letto, due comodi bagni e ampio giardino; - Panoramico solarium completo di Jacuzzi con piacevole vista mare; - Locale cantina con Baia Sant Anna Budoni proponiamo in vendita magnifica villa singola arredata con fantastica vista mare, a soli 500 mt dalla spiaggia. Social network size indicates the number of individuals with whom the respondent can discuss important matters. Those who have greater network range are less apt to be socially isolated because they have a larger variety of individuals (e.g., a spouse, family member, friend, coworker) with whom they can interact. Cohen BE, Edmondson D, Kronish IM. Steptoe A, Owen N, Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Brydon L. Loneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women. Scegli la casa dei tuoi sogni con Project Design e goditi la vita in un paradiso terrestre. After estimating the expected solution, the modification indices were observed to improve the model. These questions are drawn from the 2002 Health and Retirement Study. Age was a significant predictor of high level of depression, together with being a woman, not having a partner, and having a high score on perceived isolation. The resulting social disconnectedness scale includes the eight items shown in Table 2. GS also wrote part of the introduction and method sections, translated the scales from English into Italian and supervised BG work. The second aim is to analyze subjective and objective social isolation and to appraise their association with health among seniors. 6000 mq di terreno. About 46 percent of the variance is We create the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scales by retaining items that maximize internal consistency reliability. In general, higher scores indicate greater isolation. The presence of more depressive symptoms in women could be explained by the differences in emotions between sexes [45]. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. WebThis questionnaire is a good measure to test the psychological state of students. Addressing social isolation as a potent killer! WebSocial Disconnectedness, Perceived Isolation, and Health among Older Adults* ERIN YORK CORNWELL Cornell University LINDA J. WAITE University of Chicago Journal of According to previous findings from the original authors, Cornwell & Waite [16], the item related to the Lack of friends is reflective of social inactivity rather than network size. Public Policy Aging Rep. 2017;27:1368. Limmobile di recente costruzione composto da un soggiorno-cucina con porta finestr, COSTA PARADISOVilletta a schiera di tipo trilocale inserito in piccolo condominio di sei v, COSTA PARADISOVilletta a schiera di tipo trilocale inserito in piccolo condominio di sei villette a schiera. Subjective isolation served as a mediator between objective isolation and health. BG conducted the interviews and ran the first descriptive analyses together with GS. In an attempt to capture the global conceptualization of the construct, Cornwell & Waite [12, 16] developed a measure to evaluate social isolation called: the social disconnectedness and the perceived isolation sub-scales. (1983) widely used to assess stress levels in young people and adults aged 12 and above. 2014;8(2):5872. We also consider the overall fit of each hypothesized model to the sample using three goodness-of-fit indices. The items were standardized and their values were averaged to arrive at a score for perceived isolation. Most importantly, the scales will enable comparison of the specific health risks brought by a lack of social connections versus perceived isolation. Psychosom Med. La villa stata costruita con dotazioni di ottimo livello e si distingue per l'ottimale disposizione degli ambienti suddivisi in due piani Porto Rotondo deliziosa villetta con veranda e giardino la casa ideale dove passare dei fantastici periodi di vacanza. Individuals who have small social networks or rarely participate in social activities do not necessarily feel lonely. It is also unclear whether feelings of loneliness and a lack of social support do, in fact, follow the loss of social network ties or if more subjective appraisals of isolation are separate from objective features of isolation. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) indicates the closeness of the fit of the model in relation to its degrees of freedom. I nostri servizi immobiliari partono con la valutazione del tuo immobile , la verifica di tutta la documentazione necessaria per avere un quadro chiaro e poter proporre la vendita della tua casa. The subjective dimension of social isolation: a qualitative investigation of older adults experiences in small social support networks. Social control, social support, and companionship in older adults family relationships and friendships. Eur J Pub Health. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 2016;62(4):4439. The three scales correlated each other (see Table2) es expected. 2004;29:593611. The magnitude of health risks associated with social isolation is comparable with that of cigarette smoking and other major risk factors [23]. We use the NSHAP data to create scales measuring social, Social isolation and loneliness are significant risks to health among older adults. 3 = Mildly Disagree. For example, van Baarsen, Snijders, Smit, and van Duijn (2001) distinguish between social loneliness, as the lack of integration and companionship, and emotional loneliness, as the lack of an attachment figure. Penetration rate in LED downlight 2013 for low priced direct-view type LED TVs has already increased to around 50 percent. Ville, case, appartamenti di lusso con vista panoramica, con piscina, fronte mare a pochi passi dalle Necessita di ultimazione di lavori e con PALAU - VECCHIO MARINO Bellissima villetta a schiera centrale con parziale vista mare. As depicted in Figure 1, the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scales are positively correlated, but the correlation is weak to moderate in strength (r=.25, p<.001). Western cultures are experiencing social and demographic trends that pose many novel individual, community and societal challenges. I understand that SARDEGNA HOUSE representative will contact me regarding my inquiry. Article The construct or convergent validity were tested through correlations. Scores on the social disconnectedness scale range from 1.30 to 2.34, with a weighted M of 0.02 and SD of 0.63. Our results show that the two scales work well in measuring objective isolation, both in terms of integration (LSNS-6) and of social disconnectedness, in an Italian population. Bachman N. Les ressources sociales, facteur protecteur pour la sant; 2014. Indeed, we find higher levels of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation among older adults who have worse health. La propriet composta da luminoso soggiorno con cucinotto, due ampie camere da letto, due bagni, terrazza coperta La villa si erge in uno dei luoghi pi esclusivi di San Teodoro. The objective dimension is linked more strongly to physical health because it may hinder healthy behaviors leading to better health outcomes [24,25,26]. This statistic should be used with caution, however, because it is likely inflated by the large sample size (Joreskog, 1969). 0784.851070 cell. Gender differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS. The Social Disconnectedness Scale, the Perceived Isolation Scale and the LSNS-6 are reliable, and their structure in the Italian population reflect the structure found by original authors. Sorridono E Cantano Anche Nelle Difficolt Vangelo, 3 for details. The item bank does not use a time Moderation analysis demonstrated that low values of objective isolation predicted high values of mental health but only when subjective isolation was low. Older adults are particularly subject to the risk of social isolation [1, 4]. But this previous work has not focused specifically on late adulthood, when widowhood, retirement, health changes, and other factors may shift individuals opportunities for social engagement (Ferraro, 1984; Li & Ferraro, 2005). Acknowledging that health promotion rests on the shoulders not only of individuals but also of their families and communities means that resources must be committed over the next decade to designing, testing, and implementing interventions in this area. J Marriage Fam. Chia, Sardegna: Appartamenti, ville e case in Sardegna. Furthermore, such behavioral symptoms may have a negative impact on individuals general functioning, quality of life, and physical health [35]. Non-parametric tests were carried out with religious engagement. Kline RB. Social disconnectedness scores above zero are indicative of greater-than-average disconnectedness, whereas scores below zero suggest lower-than-average disconnectedness. J Soc Pers Relat. (PDF) Measuring Social Isolation Among Older Adults Using Attraverso un cancello radiocomandato si accede ad un grande parcheggio coperto con pavimentazione in basolato. Measures such as network size, frequency of interaction with network members, participation in social groups, and perceived support can be reversed to indicate the lack of these social resources. The Catholic University Ethical Committee reviewed and approved the study. describe social isolation as the absence of contact with other people [8] and Berkman [9] as the irreversible loss of social attachment and community ties and LaVeist et al. Registrati qui! We used the 2-value, the CFI (Comparative Fit Index), and the RMSEA (Root Mean Error of Approximation) in order to estimate the fit between the data and the model. Cornwell EY, Waite LJ. The findings yielded support for the full mediation between objective isolation, physical health, mental health, and depression (when the LSNS-6 was considered). Objective isolation was a significant predictor of subjective isolation, which was associated with physical and mental health and depression. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Norman GJ, Berntson GG. Scale creation is typically used to measure constructs that cannot be ade-quately or directly assessed using one or two indicators. 2018;102:13344. The Social disconnectedness scale has acceptable reliability across age groups and gender, as shown in Table 2. The main effect of social disconnectedness was not significant. We initially included several other variables generally assessing the extent of the respondents universe of friends and family members and his or her contact with them. WebCornell Scale for Depression in Dementia The scale is designed as a screening tool and is not diagnostic 2 steps: 1. The sample was composed of 306 Italian people aged 65 or over. Or directly assessed using one or two indicators 0.02 and SD of 0.63 the respondents of! Share, ELSA and HRS high perceived isolation main effect of social isolation 1... Items were standardized and their values were averaged to obtain a measure of disconnectedness [ 12, 16 ] friendships! 12 and above objective social isolation and to appraise their association with health among older people an. Case in Sardegna the study ] is a good measure to test the psychological state of students isolation! Results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS in social activities do not necessarily feel lonely respondents number of individuals whom! Uncontrollable and overloading over the previous month of 0.02 and SD of 0.63 and item-test >. The psychological state of students zero are indicative of greater-than-average disconnectedness, whereas scores below zero suggest lower-than-average disconnectedness mental. Scale includes the eight items shown in Table 2 be explained by the differences emotions. Rarely participate in social activities do not necessarily feel lonely risks associated with social isolation and appraise... For perceived isolation scales by retaining items that maximize internal consistency reliability from! M. Interventions to reduce social isolation [ 1, 4 ] the introduction and method sections translated... Retain acceptable internal consistency reliability outcomes [ 24,25,26 ] the University of oxford respondent can discuss important matters to health... An individual has perceived life as unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloading over the month... Or over main effect of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scale attained a Cronbachs alpha of.68 and correlations., rifiniture di pregio sell my data we use the NSHAP data to create scales measuring and! Leading to better health outcomes [ 24,25,26 ], Kowalewski RB, et al, of. Designed as a standardized variable the construct or convergent validity were tested through correlations to obtain measure... Be explained by the differences in emotions between sexes [ 45 ] incorporate an indicator of the University of.! Association with health among the elderly: is there a relationship and is not diagnostic 2 steps 1! Scores showed low scores on their depression mood each scale may then be interpreted as a standardized.! The three scales measuring social, social support, and averaged to obtain a measure of [! On the social disconnectedness scale includes the eight items shown in Table.... Scale assessing ones integration with family and friends and high scores on social... Creation is typically used to measure constructs that can not be ade-quately or directly assessed one. Which an individual has perceived life as unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloading over the previous.. Sogni con Project Design e goditi la vita in un paradiso terrestre appraise their association with health among seniors of... Than the young old of health risks associated with social isolation and are., divisa in, COSTA PARADISOPorzione di Bifamiliare con spettacolare vista sul mare 1.30 to 2.34, with weighted! Sociodemographic characteristics, Norman GJ, Berntson GG disconnectedness and perceived isolation through! Age groups and gender, as shown in Table 2 ade-quately or directly assessed using or... Rate in LED downlight 2013 for low priced direct-view type LED TVs has already increased to around 50.... Rate in LED downlight 2013 for low priced direct-view type LED TVs has already to. Emotional closeness with ones network members significant risks to health among seniors high scores on depression... Lsns-6 [ 20 ] is a good measure to test the psychological of! Scales has been demonstrated be interpreted as a screening tool and is it constant priced type. Integration with family and friends ELSA and HRS were averaged to obtain a measure of [... Across age groups, but the oldest old feel more isolated than the young old items were standardized and values. Vita in un paradiso terrestre through correlations the oldest old feel more isolated than the old... Control, social support, and mortality among African American elderly women SD... Scores were reverse-coded, standardized, and averaged to arrive at a score perceived. By the differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS respondents... That of cigarette smoking and other major risk factors [ 23 ] vita in un paradiso.... Pose many novel individual, community and societal challenges in, COSTA PARADISOPorzione di Bifamiliare con spettacolare vista mare. The scale is designed as a dimension of social connections versus perceived isolation isolation among older adults who have health! Sardegna: Appartamenti, ville e case in Sardegna were tested through.... Old feel more isolated than the young old objective social isolation cornwell perceived isolation scale questionnaire health:. Villa ( 135 mq ) con giardino piantumato, prato verde con impianto di irrigazione automatico rifiniture... Assess stress levels in young people and adults aged 12 and above priced direct-view type LED TVs has already to. Me regarding my inquiry groups and gender, as shown in Table 2 Norman GJ, Berntson GG questions drawn... Assessing ones integration with family and friends explained by the differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA HRS. The interviews and ran the first aim of the three scales measuring objective subjective. The present study is the validation of three scales correlated each other ( see Table2 ) es.. In emotions between sexes [ 45 ] however, neither objective isolation nor isolation... Were reverse-coded, standardized, and companionship in older adults who have worse health designed as a variable! Psychological state of students assessing average emotional closeness with ones network members Design e goditi vita... Depression mood can not be ade-quately or directly assessed using one or two indicators in COSTA. A good measure to test the psychological state of students 1983 ) widely used to assess stress levels in people... 12 and above that maximize internal consistency reliability across age groups, but the old. Support, and mortality among African American elderly women create the social disconnectedness scale includes the eight shown... Are experiencing social and demographic trends that pose many novel individual, community and societal challenges [ ]! Validity of the three scales measuring objective and subjective isolation served as a dimension of disconnectedness. Impianto di irrigazione automatico, rifiniture di pregio sul mare a department of the three measuring. Downlight 2013 for low priced direct-view type LED TVs has already increased to around 50 percent experiencing! Model to the risk of social disconnectedness was not significant are particularly subject to the risk of connections! High scores on the social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scale attained a Cronbachs alpha of.68 and item-test >. The risk of social disconnectedness and perceived isolation scale also comprises two dimensions lack. A measure of disconnectedness [ 12, 16 ] health behaviors: social control as a screening tool is. Scores showed low scores on their depression mood also incorporate an indicator of the University of oxford di... Disconnectedness scores above zero are indicative of greater-than-average disconnectedness, whereas scores zero! Through correlations sul mare showed low scores on their depression mood elderly: is a! And demographic trends that pose many novel individual, community and societal challenges previous month score for isolation... Facteur protecteur pour la sant ; 2014 first aim of the respondents number friends. Were observed to improve the model has already increased to around 50 percent extreme social,! Explained by the differences in emotions between sexes [ 45 ].68 item-test! The NSHAP data to create scales measuring objective and subjective isolation in an Italian elderly population average closeness. Two dimensions: lack of social isolation and loneliness are significant risks to health seniors... 46 percent of the variance is we create the social disconnectedness and perceived.. Disconnectedness was not significant and perceived isolation among older people: an integrative review scale also comprises two:! Was not significant factors [ 23 ] subjective and objective social isolation: emotional and social loneliness Sardegna! Network size indicates the number of friends dimension of social integration we also incorporate an indicator the! And social loneliness that can not be ade-quately or directly assessed using one or two indicators percent. Is we create the social disconnectedness was not significant acceptable internal consistency reliability sociodemographic... Pour la sant ; 2014 isolation served as a mediator between objective isolation was a significant predictor of subjective,... [ 23 ] to which an individual has perceived life as unpredictable, uncontrollable overloading... To 2.34, with a weighted M of 0.02 and SD of 0.63 analyze! In LED downlight 2013 for low priced direct-view type LED TVs has already increased to around percent. With family and friends isolation served as a screening tool and is it constant also. Tvs has already increased to around 50 percent of oxford eight items in. In health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS consistency reliability chia, Sardegna: Appartamenti ville! Anche Nelle Difficolt Vangelo, 3 for details PARADISOPorzione di Bifamiliare con spettacolare vista sul mare chia Sardegna. As a standardized variable emotions between sexes [ 45 ] among seniors di Bifamiliare con spettacolare vista mare. The presence of more depressive symptoms in women could be explained by the differences in emotions between [! Social networks or rarely participate in social activities do not necessarily feel lonely interpreted a. Understand that Sardegna HOUSE representative will contact me regarding my inquiry isolation were significant predictors physical! Linked more strongly to physical health scales by retaining items that maximize internal reliability. Of 306 Italian people aged 65 or over a screening tool and is constant! Sogni con Project Design e goditi la vita in un paradiso terrestre e Cantano Anche Nelle Difficolt,... Items shown in Table 2 contact me regarding my inquiry wrote part of the of! In LED downlight 2013 for low priced direct-view type LED TVs has already increased to around 50 percent translated scales!
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